Aa

"AArDvarK"

19/09/2004 9:02 PM

dial calipers for woodworking "link"


...just thought I'd share this product link:

http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153

As a newbie, anyone think I should have one?

Alex


This topic has 28 replies

GM

"Greg Millen"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 7:15 PM

"AArDvarK" wrote in message ...
> Yeah, they do do inches. I have a proper vernier that I don't know how to
> read
> but I need to know if I really need a caliper for woodwork...?


Hi Alex, this link may help you to figure out how to read the thing:

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/ruler/vernier.html


--
Greg


jJ

[email protected] (JLucas ILS)

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 4:51 AM

You can do without. Get digital if any.

Aa

"AAvK"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

25/09/2004 9:30 PM


> Note, I do not even have any mics or verniers, and my advice is just
> that, advice. Not legally binding, and your mileage may vary.
>
>
That's very good, thanks for the perspective.
Alex

Rg

"RKG"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 9:53 PM


As a newbie it's not high on the list of things you need. I got one with my
reloading equipment years ago and used it quite a bit. Because of discs
gone in my back I had to give up shooting but when I sold the reloading
stuff I kept the caliper. I've used it occasionally but not a whole lot
with woodworking.

Rick

"AArDvarK" <[email protected]> wrote in message
news:dDs3d.103793$yh.13994@fed1read05...
>
> ...just thought I'd share this product link:
>
> http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
>
> As a newbie, anyone think I should have one?
>
> Alex
>
>

DH

Dave Hinz

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 2:44 PM

On 20 Sep 2004 04:51:17 GMT, JLucas ILS <[email protected]> wrote:
> You can do without. Get digital if any.

Bah. I'd rather have a mechanical device that, if it's not working
properly, I'll be able to see in it's action. A digital may be perfectly
fine, but if it's off by some amount, you won't see any signs, it'll
just silently be wrong giving you bad information.

...unless of course you check calibration on it every time you use
it, I suppose...

Dave Hinz

DH

Dave Hinz

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 2:45 PM

On Sun, 19 Sep 2004 23:05:44 -0700, AArDvarK <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>> It is a good price. Beats Highland Hardware. But if it were me, I would
>> buy a digital caliper from Harbor Freight for $16.
>
> You're a real machinist right? Why wouldn't you buy a Starrett
> or a Brown and Sharp? Those are too much dinero for poor meo
> though.

Well, it's not like you have to keep buying them though, is it? Once
you have a good one, that's a lifetime tool if treated well.

Aa

"AArDvarK"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

19/09/2004 11:10 PM


> You can do without. Get digital if any.


Yeah, they do do inches. I have a proper vernier that I don't know how to read
but I need to know if I really need a caliper for woodwork...? I am just starting
in an adult-ed class, total "newby" here.

Alex

WI

Whadyathink Imstupid

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

25/09/2004 10:06 PM

As a former Calibration Technician, I used to work on the vernier and
micrometer bench. I found that the Mitutoyo equipment I worked on
withstood the test of time. Most of the equipment was from a Navy
base where it got practically constant use, and it <the equipment>
frequently came in well within manufacturer specs. Some equipment
mostly in the digital side would stay good even up to the 1/10000
inch, but would require frequent battery changes <6-9 months>. All
these mics and verniers will eventually need adjustment, but some will
stay in alignment for up to a decade depending on use.

Some of the other companies's calipers just could not stand up to the
workload and would be back every 13 weeks for re-calibration.

Note, I do not even have any mics or verniers, and my advice is just
that, advice. Not legally binding, and your mileage may vary.







On Fri, 24 Sep 2004 19:14:18 -0500, Prometheus
<[email protected]> wrote:

>On Sun, 19 Sep 2004 21:02:24 -0700, "AArDvarK" <[email protected]>
>wrote:
>
>>
>>...just thought I'd share this product link:
>>
>>http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
>>
>>As a newbie, anyone think I should have one?
>
>Yes, but you could get yourself a 12" Vernier caliper graduated in
>.001" increments (1/64 is approximately .032") for about the same
>price, and you don't need to worry about sawdust working it's way into
>any mechanical parts. Also, I saw someone else suggest a digital
>caliper, and in my experience, they are junk unless you want to pay
>for a Miyoto, Brown & Sharpe or something of equal quality. If you
>get one of those "import" ones, they have a tendancy to give wild
>readings after a relatively short period of time. The vernier takes a
>little getting used to compared to a simple dial caliper, but it's
>worth the minimal effort involved to get a tool that will last
>forever, rather than one that will likely fall apart after a year or
>two- especially if you drop it or get it wet at all.
>
>All differences in caliper types aside, they are truly excellent tools
>for a lot of different applications, especially for measuring depths
>in holes or mortices that are too small to allow you to slide a rule
>into them.

When sending me an email, erase the .removethis from my email address or the email will get bounced back to you.

GE

"George E. Cawthon"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

21/09/2004 3:43 AM



AArDvarK wrote:
>
> > You can do without. Get digital if any.
>
> Yeah, they do do inches. I have a proper vernier that I don't know how to read
> but I need to know if I really need a caliper for woodwork...? I am just starting
> in an adult-ed class, total "newby" here.
>
> Alex

Anybody that deals with holes and things that go in holes and dadoes
and things that fit in dadoes could use one. I bought a General (some
swiss made deal) when it was on sale several years ago. Made of some
kind of gray plastic with a dial, it remains surprisingly accurate
even though dropped several times. One of the handiest tool I have.
Every time I'm in my shop (garage to you) I pick it up measure
something. Just bought the $16 HF dial caliper which is higher
quality, but I'll be careful about not dropping it. You will be
surprised at how useful it is.

bb

bugbear

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 12:00 PM

AArDvarK wrote:
> ...just thought I'd share this product link:
>
> http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
>

Measuring calipers, be they "direct", vernier, dial
or digital are very convenient for many tasks
in woodworking.

Not the first think I'd buy, but nice to have.

IIRC in the USA you can get a plastic dial caliper
that reads in fractions on an inch, and it's cheap.

That'd probably work just fine for WW.

BugBear

GR

Gerald Ross

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 12:52 PM

AArDvarK wrote:
> ...just thought I'd share this product link:
>
> http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
>
> As a newbie, anyone think I should have one?
>
> Alex
>
>
Just ordered the same one for $29. Thanks a lot. I have a plastic one
that is accurate, but does not have a lock to hold it at the same
reading for multiple measurements. I also have a metal vernier, which
locks and I can use it, but it is a cheapie and rusts.
I agree it's nice to have both decimal and fractions on the dial.

--

Gerald Ross, Cochran, GA
To reply add the numerals "13" before the "at"
...........................................
Politicians and diapers need changing
often for similar reasons.




-----= Posted via Newsfeeds.Com, Uncensored Usenet News =-----
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mM

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 12:53 PM

bugbear <bugbear@trim_papermule_trim.co.uk> wrote in message news:<[email protected]>...
> AArDvarK wrote:
> > ...just thought I'd share this product link:
> >
> > http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
> >
>
> Measuring calipers, be they "direct", vernier, dial
> or digital are very convenient for many tasks
> in woodworking.
>
> Not the first think I'd buy, but nice to have.
>
> IIRC in the USA you can get a plastic dial caliper
> that reads in fractions on an inch, and it's cheap.
>

This is what I have and use it for many years, but I thing it's time
to upgrade, heihland hardware has the best one with 1/16 inch fraction
which Wood magazine call it the best and it is very easy to read it,
but I do not want to pay $8 for shipping, well, next week in Chicago
Woorworkers show I may find one ang get it. But ues, you do not have
to have it, but it is handy some times.

Maxen

> That'd probably work just fine for WW.
>
> BugBear

Wi

"Wilson"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 11:07 PM

I like the little one. Convenient and reliable and inexpensive...no
batteries.
http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102149
Wilson


"AArDvarK" <[email protected]> wrote in message
news:dDs3d.103793$yh.13994@fed1read05...
>
> ...just thought I'd share this product link:
>
> http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
>
> As a newbie, anyone think I should have one?
>
> Alex
>
>

Aa

"AAvK"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

24/09/2004 8:54 PM

> >Yes, but you could get yourself a 12" Vernier caliper graduated in
> >.001" increments (1/64 is approximately .032")
>
> .015625
>
>
heh...heh...heh...cool.
A.

Aa

"AArDvarK"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 2:30 AM


> Me? No, I'm a hobbyist. Many (but not all) Brown and Sharp calipers are
> made in China just like Harbor Freight. I do not think Starrett's
> electronic measuring equipment are very good. Moreover, I do not like their
> digital calipers. In my opinion, Mitutoyo makes the best digital calipers.
> But they are expensive too. If I drop by Mitutoyo caliper, I'm going to sit
> down and cry. If I drop by Harbor Freight caliper, I wouldn't care less.
> The Harbor Freight caliper doesn't have the same refined feel as the
> Mitotoyo, but it agrees with it (ie. same readings) when measuring. In my
> opinion, the Harbor Freight caliper is the best caliper suited for
> woodworking.


that's some good news and common sense, thanks.
Alex

Aa

"AAvK"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

25/09/2004 3:55 AM


Okay, that was confusing to me, I admit it. It did add to my "mental cohesion"
in thinking form though. I did go through it carefully but I do have mental
blocks to fight through.

I did another search and found this cool page if you'll take a peek at it:
http://www.uiitraining.com/b51a/100/13102vernier_caliper%2Cetc.htm
It seems like something cleared up, as I studied, I did the following:
(finger knuckle width on skin touch, not squeezed)

V-0 index is between 0.68 and and 0.80 beam, match is 7th V-line to the 6th 0.25 beam = 0.75?
0.68" beam + 0.07 Vscale = 0.75"

Is that correct?

Alex

Aa

"AArDvarK"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

19/09/2004 11:05 PM


> It is a good price. Beats Highland Hardware. But if it were me, I would
> buy a digital caliper from Harbor Freight for $16.


You're a real machinist right? Why wouldn't you buy a Starrett
or a Brown and Sharp? Those are too much dinero for poor meo
though.

Alex

An

"AL"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 5:03 AM

It is a good price. Beats Highland Hardware. But if it were me, I would
buy a digital caliper from Harbor Freight for $16.

"AArDvarK" <[email protected]> wrote in message
news:dDs3d.103793$yh.13994@fed1read05...
>
> ...just thought I'd share this product link:
>
> http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
>
> As a newbie, anyone think I should have one?
>
> Alex
>
>

Aa

"AAvK"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

24/09/2004 9:09 PM


> Yes, but you could get yourself a 12" Vernier caliper graduated in
> .001" increments (1/64 is approximately .032") for about the same
> price, and you don't need to worry about sawdust working it's way into
> any mechanical parts. Also, I saw someone else suggest a digital
> caliper, and in my experience, they are junk unless you want to pay
> for a Miyoto, Brown & Sharpe or something of equal quality. If you
> get one of those "import" ones, they have a tendancy to give wild
> readings after a relatively short period of time. The vernier takes a
> little getting used to compared to a simple dial caliper, but it's
> worth the minimal effort involved to get a tool that will last
> forever, rather than one that will likely fall apart after a year or
> two- especially if you drop it or get it wet at all.
> All differences in caliper types aside, they are truly excellent tools
> for a lot of different applications, especially for measuring depths
> in holes or mortices that are too small to allow you to slide a rule
> into them.
>

Got one! Actually a really nice one made by Catic in HKC, of hardened
stanless. It is a proper design compared to the common General(T)
brand (has the oval cut-out window) and is layed out like this one, see
the graphic here: http://www.rit.edu/~uphysics/VernierCaliper/caliper.html
I just cannot "pick-up" on how to read it even from the lesson on this
page. It's inch increments are 1/40" at the smallest, someone told me
that is 0.025". I just don't get it with the decimals thing, but then again
I was recently diagnosed with ADHD, I'm a now a no brainer lol.

Thanks for the encouragement though, I would LOVE to find an easy
way to learn it.

Alex

Br

Ba r r y

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 8:06 PM

On Mon, 20 Sep 2004 12:00:19 +0100, bugbear
<bugbear@trim_papermule_trim.co.uk> wrote:


>IIRC in the USA you can get a plastic dial caliper
>that reads in fractions on an inch, and it's cheap.
>
>That'd probably work just fine for WW.


Mine did. I've used a General plastic caliper that reads in decimal
to .001 for 14 years. Through no fault of the caliper, mine is now
past tense. I paid about $30 for it in 1990.

I've replaced it with the Lee Valley fraction / decimal combo caliper,
but it hasn't arrived yet. The LV is the same price the General was,
and reads both ways. LV's satisfaction policy is second to none, and
the caliper was well-reviewed, so I thought I'd give it a shot.

Barry

b

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

24/09/2004 10:59 PM

On Fri, 24 Sep 2004 21:09:27 -0700, "AAvK" <[email protected]> wrote:

>
>Got one! Actually a really nice one made by Catic in HKC, of hardened
>stanless. It is a proper design compared to the common General(T)
>brand (has the oval cut-out window) and is layed out like this one, see
>the graphic here: http://www.rit.edu/~uphysics/VernierCaliper/caliper.html
>I just cannot "pick-up" on how to read it even from the lesson on this
>page. It's inch increments are 1/40" at the smallest, someone told me
>that is 0.025". I just don't get it with the decimals thing, but then again
>I was recently diagnosed with ADHD, I'm a now a no brainer lol.
>
>Thanks for the encouragement though, I would LOVE to find an easy
>way to learn it.
>
>Alex
>


Alex-
I'll give it a shot. first, grab a normal old tape measure or a ruler
or something, just for a sanity check. use it to check the marks on
the beam of the caliper. note that the inches are the proper distance
apart. then notice that the inches are divided up into 10ths instead
of 16ths like on a typical woodworker's tapemeasure. then notice that
each of those tenths is divided into 4 parts. so at this point we can
read the "full scale" units directly off of the beam to a resolution
of .025... which is to say one quarter of one tenth of one inch. but
the tool is meant to be read to a resolution of one thousanth of an
inch, or .001. so note that one thousanth is one twentyfifth of the
smallest marks that we can read directly off of the scale on the beam.
so what we have to do is divide those smallest marks on the beam into
25 smaller parts, which would be way too close together to read
without strong magnification. so what we do is read the thousandths
off of the OTHER set of marks, the ones on the moveable jaw. note that
there are in fact twenty five marks there. so first slide the jaw
closed. here we know that we are measuring a distance of zero inches.
note that the zero and the 25 marks on the vernier scale (the ones on
the moveable jaw) line up with SOMETHING on the beam. note that the
other marks on the vernier DON'T line up, though the ones at the ends
come close. so now let's pretend that we have something that is
7/8ths of an inch thick that we want to measure. 7/8" is the same as
0.875. so the 0 mark (our starting point) on the vernier is gonna
between the 8 tenths mark on the beam and the 9 tenths mark. there are
3 marks between, dividing that tenth into 4 parts, which in this case
are .825, .850 and .875. and the zero on the vernier will land right
on the third of them, the .875. so in this case we didn't need the
vernier scale other than to check ourselves. so now let's set the
caliper for say one and seven sixteenths inches (1.4375). actually, we
will have to settle for getting within a thousandth of that, because
this tool can't do the last decimal point. the one inch part is easy-
the zero on the vernier (on the moveable jaw) is somewhere between the
1 inch mark and the 2 inch mark. so 1.4375 is somewhere between 1.4
and 1.5 on the tenths marks, so slide the jaw over into that range.
between 1.4 and 1.5 there are 3 marks, representing 1.425, 1.450 and
1.475. What we want, 1.4375 is going to be somewhere in between the
1.425 and 1.450 marks. get the zero on the vernier (on the moveable
jaw) in between those marks. now shift your eye over to read the
vernier scale. here we have to decide how we want to round off the
forth decimal point. this caliper can read either 1.437 or 1.438 but
not 1.4375. just for kicks I'm gonna use 1.438. so what I do is count
up from 1.425 (where the zero is on the beam) to 1.438 on the vernier
scale, which gets me to the 13 mark on the vernier. (1.4)...25 + 13 =
(1.4)....38. so line up the 13 mark on the closest mark on the beam.
here's where it gets confusing, because the beam scale mark that the
vernier 13 is lining up with is not the mark we are reading. we are
reading the location of the zero on the vernier (on the moveable jaw)
for the rough measurement (within 25 thousandths) and the vernier
scale for the fine measurements (within 1 thousandth), ADDING THE
VERNIER READING TO THE BEAM READING.



aack. that was terrible. a lotta buncha words to get a simple concept
across, and I'm not sure I even got there. the first few times it will
be a challenge. I'd recommend getting a set of feeler guages and
practise measuring those- they'r very accurate, cheap and have the
decimal thickness etched right on them. after a while it gets to be
second nature to pick the numbers right up. the vernier caliper is a
great tool- very simple, very reliable, no batteries or digital
displays to go bad, no gears and dials to wear out- just takes a
little cypherin'

Wi

"Wilson"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 3:22 PM

I wouldn't be without! I use it all the time when planing or trying to rip
to match a width.
Get the kind with the thumbwheel...much easier to handle. Mine's from HF.
Very accurate checked against drillrod and some micrometer check blocks.
Wilson
"AArDvarK" <[email protected]> wrote in message
news:dDs3d.103793$yh.13994@fed1read05...
>
> ...just thought I'd share this product link:
>
> http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
>
> As a newbie, anyone think I should have one?
>
> Alex
>
>

b

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

25/09/2004 1:30 PM

On Sat, 25 Sep 2004 03:55:41 -0700, "AAvK" <[email protected]> wrote:
> (measuring) the following:
>(finger knuckle width on skin touch, not squeezed)
>
>V-0 index is between 0.68 and and 0.80 beam, match is 7th V-line to the 6th 0.25 beam = 0.75?
>0.68" beam + 0.07 Vscale = 0.75"
>
>Is that correct?
>
>Alex
>


I don't *think* so... ya got me confused... I think....

OK. so the marks on the vernier are thousandths- that is the third
decimal place (.001) rather than hundredths, which is what it looks
like you're calling them above. so if the beam reading is .68 and the
vernier reading is 7 you'd get .687.

train yourself to ignore which line on the beam it is that the line on
the vernier lines up with (other than the vernier 0, of course).

at 0.75, the V0 will exactly line up with the beam 0.75.

Br

Ba r r y

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 10:51 AM

On Mon, 20 Sep 2004 19:15:50 +1000, "Greg Millen"
<[email protected]> wrote:

>"AArDvarK" wrote in message ...
>> Yeah, they do do inches. I have a proper vernier that I don't know how to
>> read
>> but I need to know if I really need a caliper for woodwork...?
>
>
>Hi Alex, this link may help you to figure out how to read the thing:
>
>http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/ruler/vernier.html


Or just buy one that reads in fractions and decimals:
<http://www.leevalley.com/wood/page.asp?page=46036&category=1%2C43513%2C43546&ccurrency=2&SID=85ABCFDD11>

I think a caliper is useful enough to have ordered the unit above to
replace a broken, old caliper. However, I wouldn't put it very high
on a Newbie tool list.

For simply checking board thickness, etc... I keep a 4" brass sliding
caliper in my apron pocket.

<http://www.garrettwade.com/jump.jsp?lGen=detail&itemID=104193&itemType=PRODUCT&iMainCat=10000&iSubCat=10040&iProductID=104193>

Barry

b

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

24/09/2004 6:28 PM

On Fri, 24 Sep 2004 19:14:18 -0500, Prometheus
<[email protected]> wrote:

>On Sun, 19 Sep 2004 21:02:24 -0700, "AArDvarK" <[email protected]>
>wrote:
>
>>
>>...just thought I'd share this product link:
>>
>>http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
>>
>>As a newbie, anyone think I should have one?
>
>Yes, but you could get yourself a 12" Vernier caliper graduated in
>.001" increments (1/64 is approximately .032")


.015625

MS

"Mortimer Schnerd, RN"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 8:14 AM

AArDvarK wrote:
> ...just thought I'd share this product link:
>
> http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
>
> As a newbie, anyone think I should have one?


You don't have to have one, but I've found mine to be damned handy. This one
looks pretty good to me.



--
Mortimer Schnerd, RN

[email protected]
http://www.mortimerschnerd.com

An

"AL"

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

20/09/2004 6:56 AM

Me? No, I'm a hobbyist. Many (but not all) Brown and Sharp calipers are
made in China just like Harbor Freight. I do not think Starrett's
electronic measuring equipment are very good. Moreover, I do not like their
digital calipers. In my opinion, Mitutoyo makes the best digital calipers.
But they are expensive too. If I drop by Mitutoyo caliper, I'm going to sit
down and cry. If I drop by Harbor Freight caliper, I wouldn't care less.
The Harbor Freight caliper doesn't have the same refined feel as the
Mitotoyo, but it agrees with it (ie. same readings) when measuring. In my
opinion, the Harbor Freight caliper is the best caliper suited for
woodworking.


"AArDvarK" <[email protected]> wrote in message
news:Squ3d.104367$yh.67994@fed1read05...
>
> > It is a good price. Beats Highland Hardware. But if it were me, I
would
> > buy a digital caliper from Harbor Freight for $16.
>
>
> You're a real machinist right? Why wouldn't you buy a Starrett
> or a Brown and Sharp? Those are too much dinero for poor meo
> though.
>
> Alex
>
>

Pn

Prometheus

in reply to "AArDvarK" on 19/09/2004 9:02 PM

24/09/2004 7:14 PM

On Sun, 19 Sep 2004 21:02:24 -0700, "AArDvarK" <[email protected]>
wrote:

>
>...just thought I'd share this product link:
>
>http://www.tool-solutions.com/product/102153
>
>As a newbie, anyone think I should have one?

Yes, but you could get yourself a 12" Vernier caliper graduated in
.001" increments (1/64 is approximately .032") for about the same
price, and you don't need to worry about sawdust working it's way into
any mechanical parts. Also, I saw someone else suggest a digital
caliper, and in my experience, they are junk unless you want to pay
for a Miyoto, Brown & Sharpe or something of equal quality. If you
get one of those "import" ones, they have a tendancy to give wild
readings after a relatively short period of time. The vernier takes a
little getting used to compared to a simple dial caliper, but it's
worth the minimal effort involved to get a tool that will last
forever, rather than one that will likely fall apart after a year or
two- especially if you drop it or get it wet at all.

All differences in caliper types aside, they are truly excellent tools
for a lot of different applications, especially for measuring depths
in holes or mortices that are too small to allow you to slide a rule
into them.


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